Outline Academics Contexts Where English Is Important English Language Essay

Outline Academics Contexts Where English Is Important English Language Essay Oral presentation is synonyms with public speaking or speechmaking. Its may describe as a public speaking which is mean as delivering an address to a public audience. Public speaking also is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners. Oral presentation also means as a verbal presentation to a lecturer and possibly other students by an individual student. It may be on a topic researched by the student in the published literature or summary of project work undertaken. Oral presentations mostly deliver in English language. This is show how important to dominate the English language. Outline academics contexts where English is important Firstly, it is agreed that English are importance because English are the worldwide languages. English are the only language that truly links the whole world together. If not for English, the whole world may not be as united as it is today. The other languages may be important for their local values and culture. English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. Though these people might not have the same accent as others, the language at least will be understandable. When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language. In countries like India, where the land is so vast with people of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. Under the circumstances, English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people. The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that English language is very important. All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries are in English. This linking factor also tells of the importance of English language. In spite of the growth of Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in E-commerce and also in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. Speech in academic context In academic context speech has been very important. This is because when the teachers want to deliver their syllabus to the student they had to give speech to the student. In this situation of communication is same as transactional model. When student not understand they had to ask a question to the teacher and the teacher answer the question. This shows the process of transactional model communication use in academic. Need for speech training in English There is important to do speech training before doing an oral presentation. It is important to make sure that the pronunciation is correct so that the audience could understand the speech. Speech training also important because can make the speaker ready during the speech this is because when the speaker not ready they can lose their concentration during the speech. This can make the speaker feel nervous when they are not 100% ready. It is said that the voice projection also important during speech. This is because our audience can hear very clearly otherwise they feel sleepy and boring during our speeches. It is need to train our voice projection before speech. Speech training can avoid long pause and to prevent of using fillers such as um or er. Academic and professional public speaking skills and strategies Content of presentation Firstly what it is said is to have the content of presentation before start our speech. Choose a topic and know what to say during then speeches. Write down the content or scratch it to fit the content within the time limit. Think carefully about how much information that can reasonably present in the time allowed and select the most important point. The content must need to hold the interest and attention of the audience. Many people lose interest towards the end of presentations that contain too much information. Think carefully about the key points that us want to get across and build our presentation around them. Some kinds of information, such as technical explanations and tables of figures, are difficult for listeners to absorb during a presentation. Think about summarizing this kind of information or referring the listeners to a document they can read after the presentation. It is agreed that need to prepare the content of a presentation and think carefully about the key point s to make it easy to the audience to understand. Structure of presentation Most presentations will consist of an introduction, the body of the talk and a conclusion. Good presentations raise questions in the listeners mind. Good speakers encourage questions both during and after the presentation and are prepared to answer them. Introduction of presentation A good introduction can attracts and focuses the attention of the audience. It is also puts the speaker and audience at ease. It can explain the purpose of the talk and what the speaker would like to archive. It also gives an overview of the key points of the talk. It is often a good idea to begin a talk with a question, a short story, an interesting fact about your topic or an unusual visual aid. Many speakers follow this with an overhead transparency that shows the title, aim and outline of the talk. It is often a good idea to begin a talk with a question, a short story, an interesting fact about your topic or an unusual visual aid. Many speakers follow this with an overhead transparency that shows the title, aim and outline of the talk. The body of presentation The body of a presentation must be presented in a logical order that is easy for the audience to follow and natural of the topic. Divide the content into sections and make sure that the audience knows where they are at any time during the speeches. It is often a good idea to pause between main sections of the speeches. It is agreed to ask for questions, sum up the point or explain what the next point will be. It good to has an OHT with an outline of the talk on it, and can put this on the projector briefly and point to the next section. Examples, details and visual aids add interest to a presentation and help to get the message through. Conclusion of presentation It is important to have a good conclusion. This can reminds the audience of the key points and can reinforces the message. The conclusion should end the presentation on a positive note and make the audience feel that have used their time well listening to our speech. Questions of presentation Many speakers worry about questions from the audience. However, questions show that the audience is interested in the speeches and can make the talk more lively and interactive. Delivery of presentation Voice quality Voice is your main channel of communication to the audience, so make sure use it to its best effect. Volume Voice volume need to be loud and clear. Adjust the volume to the size of the room and make sure the people at the back can hear. In a big room take deep breaths and try to project the voice rather than shout. Speed and fluency Speak at a rate so the audience can understand the points. Do not speed up because have too much material to fit into the time available. Try not to leave long pauses while looking at the notes or use fillers such as um or er. Use pauses to allow the audience to digest an important point. Repeat or rephrase difficult or important points to make sure the audience understands. Clarity Speak clearly. Face the audience and hold the head up. Look directly at the members of the audience while deliver speeches to make the speeches clearly hear. Keep away notes and keep in eyes on the audience when are talking about overhead transparencies. When looking at the whiteboard or the overhead projector, stop a little bit and continue speech when ready to face the audience again. Pronunciation Before making the speech it is important to improve the pronunciation. Try to know how to pronounce names and difficult words. This is because to make audience understand the speech. Engaging the audience One of the secrets of a good presentation is to involve the audience. Maintain eye contact Try to look to audience in the eyes. Spread the eye contact around the audience including those at the back and sides of the room. Avoid looking at anyone too long because this can be intimidating. Ask for feedback Try to involve the audience by asking occasional questions. Try to ask genuine questions to which are not know the answer and show interest in any replies. Leave time for the audience to think and try to avoid answering the questions by ourselves or telling members of the audience that their answers are wrong. Questions to the audience work well when manage to make those who answer them feel that they have contributed to the presentation. Try to pause occasionally to ask if anyone has any questions. If a question disrupts the flow of the speech too much, try to answer it later (but dont forget to do it). Before asking for questions, make sure the speaker are ready to pick up their presentation again when the Q A session has finished. Look confident It is natural to feel nervous in front of an audience. Experienced speakers avoid looking nervous by breathing deeply, speaking slowly and avoiding unnecessary gestures or movements. Smiling and focusing attention on members of the audience who show interest can also help the speaker feel more confident when deliver speeches. Preparing overhead transparencies (OHTs) of presentation Purpose The aim of using transparencies is to support the points when making the speech. The audience will be able to follow better if they can see the key points and examples as well as hearing them. OHTs can Reinforce a point that have made Show what something looks like Illustrate relationships Show information patterns Present figures or graphs Summarize key points Help the audience follow passages or quotations OHTs are not the only form of visual aid available to the speaker. For example, if the speaker want to show what something looks like, it may be better to show the audience the thing itself rather than a picture of it. Design To be effective, OHTs must be attractive and easy to read. Some basic rules are: Use large fonts and images Present one key point or example per OHT Use headings and bullet points in preference to lines of text Use strong colors and dont use too many Use simple graphs in preference to tables of figures Pay attention to layout. Use the centre of the OHT rather than the edges Using overhead projectors Overhead projectors are designed to allow the speaker to project an image while facing the audience. The image may be a picture or graphic, notes indicating the points related to the speech. Whenever use an OHT, the attention of the audience will be divided between then speaker and the image, so there are a few basic rules to follow: Make sure the image can be seen. If possible go to the room in advance and check that everything on the OHTs can be read easily from the back of the room. If possible, make sure the projector is in a convenient position. Decide where the speakers want to stand when speaking and then position the projector where the speakers can get to it easily. This will usually be on the side of the body that normally use for writing (i.e. left side if left-handed) Keep the slides in order in a pile next to the projector and put them back in order in another pile as the speaker take them off the projector. If possible, control the lighting in the room so that there is always a light shining on the speaker. If the OHTs are easy to read, there is no need to turn off the lights. During the presenting, avoid looking at the projected image and the transparency on the projector. It is a good idea to print out the slides on paper to keep with the notes so that can refer to them while deliver the speech. If want to draw attention to a point on an OHT, put a pen on top of it and leave it pointing at the point that the speaker want to draw attention to. Dont point with the finger because this will have to look at the projector while do so. If want the audience to read longer texts on OHTs (e.g. quotations or tables of figures) give them time to do so. There is no point in putting an OHT on the projector if the audience does not have time to read it. Make sure explain the content and purpose of each OHT. The main rule is to use OHTs to support the point during presentation. Dont let them dominate it. OHTs and handouts Some speakers give handouts for the audience to read while they are talking. The advantage of OHTs over handouts is that they focus attention on the presentation. It is often a good idea to wait until the end of the presentation before distributing the handout. Often members of the audience want to note down points from the OHTs. This can distract them from following the presentation, so it is a good idea to distribute information that the audience will want to note down on handout. As soon as someone starts taking notes, tell the audience that they do not need to do so because they will get the information on the handout. Using notes during the speech One of the decisions before giving a presentation is how to remember what are the speakers going to say. Experienced presenters use a variety of methods. On this page we outline the advantages and disadvantages of each. It is up to the speaker to decide which is best for the speech. Speaking without notes Some presenters do not use notes at all. They just remember the outline of what they are going to say and talk. Advantages: If the speaker does it well, they will seem natural, knowledgeable and confident of the topic. They will also find it easier to establish rapport with the audience because they can give them a full attention. Disadvantages: It is easy to lose the thread, miss out whole sections of the talk or to go over the time limit. People who speak without notes often fail to convey a clear idea of the structure of their ideas to the audience. This is a high-risk strategy. A few people can present effectively without notes. Reading from a script Some experienced presenters write down every word they intend to say. They may read the whole script aloud or they may just use it as a back-up. Advantages: It is easier to keep within the time limit if there is likely to less nervous and make fewer mistakes. Disadvantages: It is difficult to establish rapport with the audience. This may sound like reading aloud rather than speaking to an audience. Listeners often lose interest in a presentation that is read aloud. This is a low-risk strategy employed by many experienced non-native speaker presenters. If the speakers use it, they will need to develop the skill of reading aloud while still sounding natural. Few people can do this effectively. Note cards Many presenters write down headings and key points on cards or paper. They use them as reminders of what they are going to say. Advantages: It is easier to establish rapport with the audience. The presentation will be structured but the speaker will sound natural. Disadvantages: It is difficult to keep within the time limit. If the notes are too brief, there is possibility to forget what are intended to say. This is a medium-risk strategy used by many experienced presenters and the one most often recommended. The disadvantages of note cards can be overcome if practice before the speech. Conclusion There is important for us to know what oral presentation is because someday we are going to deliver the speech. We must prepare our knowledge on oral presentation so when time is come we can handle speech very well. We also need to improve our English Language and learn more about grammar and pronunciation because English are important to use in oral presentation.

Importance of Partheon

One of the most well known places in Greece would be the Athenian Acropolis, where the Parthenon resides. Built in dedication to the Greek Goddess Athena, the current temple was constructed after the original temple was destroyed in the Second Persian Invasion in 480 B. C. The Parthenon is a most prominent figure in Classical Greek history, designed by Callicrates and Ictinus with the supervision of Phidias over the order of Pericles to show the wealth and the extravagance the Athenian power was capable of. Though in restoration, its value becomes clear ooking at its sculptures and realizing the extensive history it holds.Being over 2000 years old, the history of the temple is astronomical. Just by looking at it, the affects of an ancient battle and rule are clear. Construction began in 447 B. C. , and ended in 438 B. C. The Parthenon was purely a temple to Athena, up till the 4th century. The building held many treasures, the most magnificent being a statue of Athena in full armor h olding Nike, Goddess of Victory, made purely of ivory and gold. This statue was lost and eventually destroyed in the 5th century, Athens now eing a province of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century, the building was turned into a Christian church.It remained this way for around 250 years, the actual structure remaining intact, but with most sculptures of the Greek Gods destroyed. Then it was the Ottomans' who took control, and turned the temple into a mosque. Under their control, it was maintained, until the 17th century. 1678 was when the Parthenon took a direct shot from mortar fire from the Venetians, and since the building was being used as a store for gunpowder, a huge explosion occurred, leaving most of the destruction visible today. The Venetians soon took control and took whatever they could from the structure, and wrecking the rest, leaving it nearly empty.Whatever was left was then taken by the British in 1801. We can only tell what the sculptures and depictions look like t oday thanks to a Flemish artist, Jacques Carrey who made drawings in 1674. Restoration for the broken and worn building started in 1975. While the Parthenon will never look like it did centuries ago, we are now doing our best to restore it. Not only can you see the outcomes of historical events on the Parthenon, but mportant events and figures of Greek mythology are a part of, and used to be what the Parthenon was for.Just about all of the pieces involving their mythology are lost, but the ones we know of give us more knowledge on the subject. From the art left by Jacques Carry, we see the birth of Athena, which whom the temple was built for, on the East Pediment. The setting is dawn, as we see horses at the South end rising up Helios, and horses at the north end tired and fatigued. We can picture the main gods around Zeus, with Hephaestus and Hera near. Hephaestus was the one to strike Zeus's head, splitting it, after complaining of headache, giving forth to Athena in full armor.Th en there's the West Pediment, showing the aftermath of the fight between Athena and Poseidon over Attica, the region of Athens. Hermes and Nike are on the side with Athena, while Iris and Aphrodite are on the side with Poseidon. Both are moving away from the center of the pediment where Zeus threw down a thunderbolt, pediments tell of major events in mythology evolving Athena. The Parthenon has survived through time, and it tells quite a tale on Ancient Greece. It has been part of major events in history evolving Greece, and shows us important events in mythology.When we look at what the structure holds and gives to us, it's importance becomes clear. Not only is a marvel to look at, but shows us what Athens had been capable on. It has survived, but not without wounds, though steps are being taken to finally get the temple to what it used to be over 2,000 years ago. Short Essay Ancient Greece, architecture wise, is most well-known for its astounding temples. Having an important role in their religion, they were most wide-spread. The Parthenon is one of the best well-known temples, built for the Goddess Athena.Temples such as the Parthenon were very common, held an important spot in Ancient Greece, and is simply an amazing work of art. From the details of the columns to the frieze, the Parthenon was, and still is a testament to the beauty of Ancient Greek architecture. Located in Athens, the Parthenon stands on top of The Acropolis. There are actually many acropolises, but the one holding the Parthenon has its special title for its significance. There are many temples dedicated to gods, such as the Temple of Aphaea, the Temple of Hephaestus, and the Temple of Zeus.Temples are what Greek architecture is best known for, so it should be no surprise that they were fairly common. They were used as a place of sanctuary and of religious purposes. The Parthenon had its place as being built for Athena, for Athens success during that time. Not only did they serve a religi ous purpose, but a way to show power. No ordinary city would build such a work of art, you needed money and power. It also did show how artsy and amazing artists some Greeks were, you could look at the olumns and see very fine details, from the drawings you can see the realistic look of the statues placed inside, and outside the building.The fact that these very lifelike sculptures were crafted and moved without the machinery we have today is unbelievable. From the pediments, you see important bits of mythology play out before you, and from the ruins you can see the affects of time and destruction. No other work of art can hold as much history as the Parthenon has, it's been through the time of the Ancient Greece to the 21st century, all the way gathering scars from new rule and battles. I think the whole building itself is astonishing, but also very informal.While the building currently is nothing compared to what it looked like when finished long ago, knowing it is being restored lets us know this magnificent work of art has not been forgotten. The Parthenon holds a spot in Greek history, and serves its purpose in their ancient religion. While temples like it are common, none are as well known, or hold as much of a historical significance. It's a beautiful structure to behold, mostly when it is completely rebuilt. It's overall a stunning building, very fitting of a Goddesses place of worship.

Immersion Cultural, Language, and Virtual

Immersion, in sociology and anthropology, involves a deep-level personal involvement of an individual with an object of study, whether it is another culture, a foreign language, or a video game. The primary sociological definition of the term is cultural immersion, which describes a qualitative way in which a researcher, student, or other traveler visits a foreign country, and becomes entrenched in the society there. Key Takeaways: Immersion Definition Immersion refers to the deep-level personal involvement of the researcher with the object of study.  A sociologist or anthropologist conducts research using immersion by actively participating in the subjects lives.  Immersion is a qualitative research strategy that takes months or years to set up and perform.  Two other forms of immersion include language immersion, in which students speak only in their non-native language and video game immersion, which involves the experiences involved in virtual realities.   Two other forms of immersion are of interest to sociologists and other behavioral sciences. Language immersion is a learning method for students who wish to pick up a second (or third or fourth) language. And video game immersion involves a player who experiences a virtual reality world designed by the manufacturer.   Immersion: Definition Formal cultural immersion is used by anthropologists and sociologists, also called participant observation. In these types of studies, a researcher interacts with the people shes studying, living with them, sharing meals, even cooking for, and otherwise participating in the life of a community, all while collecting information. Immersion Research: Pros and Cons The pros of using cultural immersion as an investigative tool are immense. There simply is no better way to understand a different culture than to go and share experiences with the people. The researcher gains considerably more qualitative information about a subject or culture than through any other method. However, cultural immersion often takes months to years to set up and then to carry out. To be allowed to participate in the activities of a particular group, a researcher must have the permission of the people who are being studied, must communicate the intent of the research, and obtain the trust of the community that the information will not be misused. That, in addition to completing professional ethics responsibilities to the university and permits from governmental bodies, takes time. Furthermore, all anthropological studies are slow learning processes and human behaviors are complex; significant observations dont happen every day. It can also be dangerous, as the researcher is almost always working in an unfamiliar environment. Origins of Immersion Research Immersion as a professional tool of the social science researcher arose in the 1920s when the Polish anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) wrote that an ethnographers goal should be to grasp the natives point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world. One of the classic studies of the period is that of American anthropologist Margaret Mead (1901–1978). In August of 1925, Mead went to Samoa to study how adolescents transitioned to adulthood. Mead had seen that transition as a period of storm and stress in the United States and wondered whether other, more primitive cultures might have a better way. Mead stayed in Samoa for nine months: The first two were spent learning the language; the rest of the time she collected ethnographic data on the remote island of Tau. While she was in Samoa, she lived in the villages, made close friends, and was even named an honorary taupou, a ceremonial virgin. Her ethnographic study involved informal interviews with 50 Samoan girls and women, ranging in age from nine to 20 years. She concluded that the transitions from childhood to adolescence and then to adulthood were relatively easy in Samoa, compared to those struggles seen in the United States: Mead argued that was in part because Samoans were comparatively sexually permissive.   Meads book Coming of Age in Samoa was published in 1928, when she was 27. Her work prompted westerners to question their sense of cultural superiority, using so-called primitive societies to critique patriarchal gender relations. Although questions about the validity of her research emerged in the 1980s after her death, most scholars today accept that she was well aware of what she was doing, and not, as she had been accused of, hoaxed by her informants. Further Examples In the late 1990s, an immersion study was conducted of homeless people by British anthropologist Alice Farrington, who acted as a volunteer helper at a night homeless shelter. Her goal was to learn about how people structure their social identities to ease isolation in such a situation. During two years of volunteering at a homeless shelter, Farrington served and cleared food, prepared beds, gave out clothing and toiletries and chatted with residents. She gained their trust and was able to ask questions for a total of 26 hours over a three month period, learning about the difficulties that homeless people have building a social support network and how that might be bolstered.   More recently, investigations of how nurses support the spirituality of their cancer patients were undertaken by Dutch healthcare worker Jacqueline van Meurs and colleagues. Paying attention to a patients spiritual needs in addition to physical, social, and psychological needs is considered important for patient health, well-being, and recovery. In her role as a medical chaplain, van Meurs systematically studied four nurses in their interactions with patients in an oncology ward in the Netherlands. She participated in the health care of the patients by wearing a white uniform and performing simple actions, and she was able to observe patient-nurse interactions; then she interviewed the nurses later. She discovered that while the nurses have opportunities to explore spiritual issues, they often do not have time or experience to do so. Van Meurs and her co-authors recommended training to enable nurses to provide that support.   Informal Cultural Immersion   Students and tourists can engage in informal cultural immersion when they travel to a foreign country and immerse themselves in the new culture, living with host families, shopping and eating in cafes, riding mass transit: In effect, living an everyday life in another country.   Cultural immersion involves experiencing food, festivals, clothing, holidays, and, most importantly, the people who can teach you about their customs. Cultural immersion is a two-way street: As you experience and learn about a new culture, you are exposing the people you meet to your culture and customs. Language Immersion   Language immersion is when a classroom full of students spends the entire period of that class only speaking a new language. It is a technique which has been used in classrooms for decades, to enable students to become bilingual. Most of these are one-way, that is, designed to give native speakers of one language experience in a second language. Most of these programs are in language classes in middle and high schools, or as English as a Second Language (ESL) courses taught to newcomers to the United States or another country.   The second form of language immersion in the classroom is called dual immersion. Here, the teacher provides an environment in which both native speakers of the dominant language and non-native speakers attend and learn one anothers language. The purpose of this is to encourage all the students to become bilingual. In a typical, system-wide study, all two-way programs begin in kindergarten, with a high partner-language balance. For example, early classes might include 90 percent instruction in the partner language and 10 percent in the dominant language. The balance gradually shifts over time, so that by the fourth and fifth grades, the partner and dominant languages are each spoken and written 50 percent of the time. Later grades and courses may then be taught in a variety of languages.   Dual immersion studies have been conducted in Canada for over 30 years. A study of these by Irish language arts professor Jim Cummins and colleagues (1998) found that the Canadian schools had consistently successful results, with students gaining fluency and literacy in French without apparent cost to their English, and vice versa.   Virtual Reality Immersion   The final type of immersion is common in computer games, and it is the most difficult to define. All computer games, beginning with Pong and Space Invaders of the 1970s, have been designed to draw the player in and provide an appealing distraction from everyday concerns to lose themselves in another world. In fact, the expected outcome of a quality computer game is the ability for the player to lose herself in a video game, sometimes called being in the game. Researchers have found three levels of video game immersions: Engagement, engrossment, and total immersion. Engagement is that stage in which the player is willing to invest time, effort, and attention to how to learn to play the game and become comfortable with the controls. Engrossment takes place when the player may become involved in the game, being emotionally affected by the game and having the controls become invisible. The third level, total immersion, occurs when the gamer experiences a sense of presence so that she is cut off from reality to the extent that only the game matters.   Sources   Cummins, Jim. Immersion Education for the Millennium: What We Have Learned from 30 Years of Research on Second Language Immersion. Learning through Two Languages: Research and Practice: Second Katoh Gakuen International Symposium on Immersion and Bilingual Education. Eds. Childs, M.R. and R.M. Bostwick. Tokyo: Katoh Gakuen, 1998. 34-47. Print.Farrington, Alice, and W. Peter Robinson. Homelessness and Strategies of Identity Maintenance: A Participant Observation Study. Journal of Community Applied Social Psychology 9.3 (1999): 175-94. Print.Hamari, Juho, et al. Challenging Games Help Students Learn: An Empirical Study on Engagement, Flow and Immersion in Game-Based Learning. Computers in Human Behavior 54 (2016): 170-79. Print.Jorgensen, Danny L. Participant Observation. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Eds. Scott, R. A. and S. M. Kosslyn: John Wiley Sons, 2015. Print.Li, Jennifer, et al. Teaching Practices and Language Use in Two-Way Dual Language Immersion Pr ograms in a Large Public School District. International Multilingual Research Journal 10.1 (2016): 31-43. Print.Shankman, Paul. The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Cautionary Tale. Current Anthropology 54.1 (2013): 51-70. Print.Tedlock, Barbara. From Participant Observation to the Observation of Participation: The Emergence of Narrative Ethnography. Journal of Anthropological Research 47.1 (1991): 69-94. Print.van Meurs, Jacqueline, et al. Nurses Exploring the Spirituality of Their Patients with Cancer: Participant Observation on a Medical Oncology Ward. Cancer Nursing 41.4 (2018): E39-E45. Print.

Essay on The Doctrine of the Mean in Aristotles Politics

The Doctrine of the Mean in Aristotle’s Politics.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Examining the texts of Aristotle’s â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics† and â€Å"Politics† side by side, one is bound to find parallels between his reasoning with regard to the individual and to the state. In â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics† Aristotle discusses happiness, virtue, and the good life on an individual level and lays out necessary provisions for the good life of a person. He maintains that virtue is a necessary element of happiness: a man will be happy if he has virtues of justice, courage, and temperance, each constituting a balance between the extremes. But this requirement of virtue for the happy life goes beyond the individual level, as we see it in â€Å"Politics†. There,†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the mean relative to us â€Å"is not one, and is not the same for everyone†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With respect to this, Aristotle states that virtue seeks the mean relative to us, and this is how â€Å"each science produces its product well†: â€Å"by focusing on what is intermediate and making the product conform to that.† A well-made product will be that to which nothing can be added or taken away without making it worse, since it assumes that â€Å"excess or deficiency ruins a good result, while the mean preserves it.† And just like good craftsmen focus on an intermediate when they produce a product, one should aim at intermediate in regard to virtue. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thus we see that virtue is to be achieved by concentrating on the optimal mean between the extremes of deficiency and excess. But the discussion of virtue would be incomplete if one did not investigate its role with respect to the object possessing virtue and its effect on that object. Since Aristotle defines virtue as a state that decides the optimal mean relative to us, he asserts that â€Å"every virtue causes its possessors to be in a good state and to perform their functions well; the virtue of eyes, e.g., makes the eyes and their functioning excellent, because it makes us see well† , and this is argued to be true in the case of all objects. At this point, the role of virtue with respect to the object is apparent: something will be functioning at the best level only if it reaches anShow MoreRelatedAristotles Theory of Slavery1295 Words   |  6 PagesSome aspects of Aristotles theory of slavery Slavery -- natural or conventional? 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He was born in 384 BC, and was a student of Plato, as well as founded/ taught at several academies. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, politics, government, and ethics. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in existence during his time, and he was the founder of many new fields. Aristotle was oneRead MoreAristotle Is The Highest Human Good1135 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle is a dichotomist, which means that he believes that human beings consist of two major elements, the body and the soul. The body is the physical matter that one can see, where the soul is the feelings and desires one has; the things you cannot touch. Aristotle believes that we have three major elements of the soul which are pleasures, desires, and feelings. These elements are where we find our virtues. In book one of The Nicomachean Ethics, Aris totle discusses that virtue is the highestRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Philosophy983 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosophers such as, Plato and Aristotle, searched to answer one fundamental question, â€Å"How should a person live in order to achieve eudaimonia or happiness?† How each philosopher came about to reach this happiness is very different however. Plato looked to a world beyond t he world one might experience today and Aristotle took a more observational approach to the things that can be experienced and observed. Plato was an influential philosopher in his time. He believed that the highest socialRead MoreAristotle And Hobbes : A Comparison Of Human Nature1641 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle and Hobbes: A Comparison of Human Nature Theory Aristotle and Hobbes present two fundamentally distinct doctrines about the conception of politics, human affairs, and the nature of man. Specifically, both philosophers express vying interpretations of human nature. Even though Aristotle and Hobbes similarly use their understanding of human nature to conceptualize their politics, they both express differing views about the aims for which they believe human beings act and exist. In a ratherRead MoreNatural Law : The Human Conception Of Justice Or Moral Right1181 Words   |  5 Pages2009, P.11). Rights in natural law are formed on the basis of obligation to obey God’s law, as mere reason of itself cannot create obligation (Boucher, 2009, P.12). The differing perceptions of natural law explored here will focus on Sophocles, Aristotle, Stoics, Cicero, Augustine and Aquinas. There will also be brief reference to the overlaps between natural law and natural rights traditions, to show that obligations do not always take priority o ver rights. Primarily across the natural law tradition